Catalog No.	PA007475.m1
Product Name	Anti-mouse CD28 Monoclonal Antibody (Clone: 37.51) | PA007475.m1
Supplier Name	Syd Labs, Inc.
Brand Name	Syd Labs
Synonyms	T-cell-specific surface glycoprotein CD28; TP44
Clone	37.51
Isotype	Mouse IgG1 Kappa.
Source/Host	The anti-mouse CD28 monoclonal antibody (clone: 37.51) was produced in mammalian cells.
Specificity/Sensitivity	The in vivo grade recombinant mouse monoclonal antibody (clone: 37.51) specifically binds to the mouse CD28 protein.
Applications	ELISA, flow cytometry, neutralization, functional assays such as bioanalytical PK and ADA assays, and those assays for studying biological pathways affected by the mouse CD28 protein.
Form Of Antibody	0.2 uM filtered solution, pH 7.4, no stabilizers or preservatives.
Endotoxin	< 1 EU per 1 mg of the protein by the LAL method.
Purity	>95% by SDS-PAGE under reducing conditions and HPLC.
Shipping	The In vivo Grade Recombinant Anti-mouse CD28 Monoclonal Antibody, Mouse IgG1 Kappa (Clone: 37.51) is shipped with ice pack. Upon receipt, store it immediately at the temperature recommended below.
Stability & Storage	Use a manual defrost freezer and avoid repeated freeze-thaw cycles. 12 months from date of receipt, -20 to -70°C as supplied. 1 month from date of receipt, 2 to 8°C as supplied.
Note	Recombinant Mouse IgG1 isotype controls are available. Condition of sample preparation and optimal sample dilution should be determined experimentally by the investigator.
Order Offline	Phone: 1-617-401-8149 Fax: 1-617-606-5022 Email: message@sydlabs.com Or leave a message with a formal purchase order (PO) Or credit card.

Description

PA007475.m1: Recombinant Anti-mouse CD28 Monoclonal Antibody(Clone: 37.51), Mouse IgG1 Kappa, In vivo Grade

Recombinant Mouse IgG1 Monoclonal Antibody.

References for Anti-mouse CD28 Monoclonal Antibody(Clone: 37.51):

1、NF-κB inducing kinase (NIK) is an essential post-transcriptional regulator of T-cell activation affecting F-actin dynamics and TCR signaling
Lacher, S. M. L., et al. J Autoimmun. 2018 Nov;94:110-121. doi: 10.1016/j.jaut.2018.07.017. PMID: 30061013
“NF-κB inducing kinase (NIK) is the key protein of the non-canonical NF-κB pathway and is important for the development of lymph nodes and other secondary immune organs. …Despite showing normal development of lymphoid organs, NIKΔT mice were resistant to induction of CNS autoimmunity. …In line with this we found that NIK-deficient T cells were hampered in phosphorylation of Zap70, LAT, AKT, ERK1/2 and PLCγ upon TCR engagement. …Multiple sclerosis (MS) is one of the most common inflammatory diseases of the central nervous system (CNS) with limited therapies to date. …We found that NIK deficiency in T cells does not affect their development.”

2、Retinoic Acid Signaling in Thymic Epithelial Cells Regulates Thymopoiesis
Wendland, K., et al. J Immunol. 2018 Jul 15;201(2):524-532. doi: 10.4049/jimmunol.1800418. PMID: 29848752
“Despite the essential role of thymic epithelial cells (TEC) in T cell development, the signals regulating TEC differentiation and homeostasis remain incompletely understood. …In this study, we show a key in vivo role for the vitamin A metabolite, retinoic acid (RA), in TEC homeostasis. …In the absence of RA signaling in TEC, cortical TEC (cTEC) and CD80loMHC class IIlo medullary TEC displayed subset-specific alterations in gene expression, which in cTEC included genes involved in epithelial proliferation, development, and differentiation. …These alterations resulted in reduced thymic cellularity in early life, a reduction in CD4 single-positive and CD8 single-positive numbers in both young and adult mice, and enhanced peripheral CD8+ T cell survival upon TCR stimulation. …Collectively, our results identify RA as a regulator of TEC homeostasis that is essential for TEC function and normal thymopoiesis.”

3、Mitochondrial Biogenesis and Proteome Remodeling Promote One-Carbon Metabolism for T Cell Activation
Ron-Harel, N., et al. Cell Metab. 2016 Jul 12;24(1):104-17. doi: 10.1016/j.cmet.2016.06.007. PMID: 27411012
“Upon naive T cell activation, signaling pathways downstream of the T cell receptor through Erk and downstream of the CD28 costimulatory receptor through phosphatidylinositol 3′-kinase (PI3K)/Akt stimulate glucose and glutamine uptake and metabolism. …For example, T cell activation induces metabolic flux through the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle to generate citrate for lipid biosynthesis and provide electron donors for the electron transport chain (ETC). …Here, we describe a synchronized program of mitochondrial biogenesis during activation of naive T cells. We quantified dynamic changes in mitochondrial and cellular protein composition during the initial activation of naive CD4+ T cells in vitro by conducting mass spectrometry analyses at 4, 9, and 24 hr postactivation. …To systematically define mitochondrial proliferation during early T cell activation, we utilized a well-established system for in vitro activation of purified, sorted naive CD62LhiCD44loCD25− CD4+ T cells (see Figure S1A available online), using a combination of anti-CD3/anti-CD28 antibodies to mimic the T cell receptor-mediated signal and the CD28 costimulatory signal (Figure 1A). …This synchronized system of mitochondrial biogenesis provided us with a unique opportunity to address the fundamental question of whether biogenesis merely replicates existing mitochondria or instead generates a distinct population of mitochondria with specialized function.”

4、Roles of lymphatic endothelial cells expressing peripheral tissue antigens in CD4 T-cell tolerance induction
Rouhani, S. J., et al. Nat Commun. 2015 Apr 10;6:6771. doi: 10.1038/ncomms7771. PMID: 25857745
“However, Bg2 cells adoptively transferred into MHC-II−/−→Prox1xβ-gal chimeras treated with αCD28 agonistic antibodies also did not proliferate. …MHC-II presentation of epitopes from cytoplasmic proteins such as β-gal depends on autophagy. …However, we saw no difference in death between TS1 cells co-cultured with or without Prox1xHA LECs. …Therefore, like β-gal, HA is presented by LECs on MHC-I molecules, but is not presented on MHC-II molecules. …Because Prox1-creERT2 does not induce HA expression in haematopoietic cells, the presentation of HA by two DC subsets indicates that it has been transferred from LECs.”

5、Regulation of bifurcating B cell trajectories by mutual antagonism between transcription factors IRF4 and IRF8
Xu, H., et al. Nat Immunol. 2015 Dec;16(12):1274-81. doi: 10.1038/ni.3287. PMID: 26437243
“Upon recognition of antigen, B cells undertake a bifurcated response in which some cells rapidly differentiate into plasmablasts while others undergo affinity maturation in germinal centers (GCs). …Here we identified a double-negative feedback loop between the transcription factors IRF4 and IRF8 that regulated the initial developmental bifurcation of activated B cells as well as the GC response. …IRF8 dampened signaling via the B cell antigen receptor (BCR), facilitated antigen-specific interaction with helper T cells, and promoted antibody affinity maturation while antagonizing IRF4-driven differentiation of plasmablasts. …Genomic analysis revealed concentration-dependent actions of IRF4 and IRF8 in regulating distinct gene-expression programs. …Stochastic modeling suggested that the double-negative feedback was sufficient to initiate bifurcation of the B cell developmental trajectories.”

6、LEF-1 and TCF-1 orchestrate T(FH) differentiation by regulating differentiation circuits upstream of the transcriptional repressor Bcl6
Choi, Y. S., et al. Nat Immunol. 2015 Sep;16(9):980-90. doi: 10.1038/ni.3226. PMID: 26214741
“Follicular helper T cells (TFH cells) are specialized effector CD4+ T cells that help B cells develop germinal centers (GCs) and memory. …However, the transcription factors that regulate the differentiation of TFH cells remain incompletely understood. …Here we report that selective loss of Lef1 or Tcf7 (which encode the transcription factor LEF-1 or TCF-1, respectively) resulted in TFH cell defects, while deletion of both Lef1 and Tcf7 severely impaired the differentiation of TFH cells and the formation of GCs. …Forced expression of LEF-1 enhanced TFH differentiation. LEF-1 and TCF-1 coordinated such differentiation by two general mechanisms. …First, they established the responsiveness of naive CD4+ T cells to TFH cell signals. Second, they promoted early TFH differentiation via the multipronged approach of sustaining expression of the cytokine receptors IL-6Rα and gp130, enhancing expression of the costimulatory receptor ICOS and promoting expression of the transcriptional repressor Bcl6.”

7、A critical role for transcription factor Smad4 in T cell function that is independent of transforming growth factor β receptor signaling
Gu, A. D., et al. Immunity. 2015 Jan 20;42(1):68-79. doi: 10.1016/j.immuni.2014.12.019. PMID: 25577439
“Cells were then activated by stimulation via the TCR by anti-CD3 (145-2C11; BioXCell) and anti-CD28 (37.51; BioXCell). …Proliferation was assessed by the dilution of live dye with flow cytometry 72–96 hr after T cell activation. Th1 cells were differentiated in the presence of 20 ng/ml rIL-12 (R&D Systems) and 20 μg/ml anti-IL-4 (11B11, BioXcell). …Protein extracts were resolved by 4%–12% SDS-PAGE (Invitrogen), then were transferred to a polyvinylidene fluoride membrane (Millipore) and analyzed by immunoblotting with the following antibodies: anti-Smad4 (#9515, Cell Signaling), anti-phospho-Smad2 (D43B4, Cell Signaling), anti-c-Myc (D84C12; Cell Signaling), and anti-β-actin (I-19; Santa Cruz). …Transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-β) suppresses T cell function to maintain self-tolerance and to promote tumor immune evasion. …This study thus reveals a requirement of Smad4 for T-cell-mediated autoimmunity and tumor rejection, which is beyond the current paradigm.”

8、The E3 ubiquitin ligase Itch is required for the differentiation of follicular helper T cells
Xiao, N., et al. Nat Immunol. 2014 Jul;15(7):657-66. doi: 10.1038/ni.2912. PMID: 24859451
“Follicular helper T cells (TFH cells) are responsible for effective B cell–mediated immunity, and Bcl-6 is a central factor for the differentiation of TFH cells. …However, the molecular mechanisms that regulate the induction of TFH cells remain unclear. …Here we found that the E3 ubiquitin ligase Itch was essential for the differentiation of TFH cells, germinal center responses and immunoglobulin G (IgG) responses to acute viral infection. …Itch acted intrinsically in CD4+ T cells at early stages of TFH cell development. …Itch seemed to act upstream of Bcl-6 expression, as Bcl-6 expression was substantially impaired in Itch−/− cells, and the differentiation of Itch−/− T cells into TFH cells was restored by enforced expression of Bcl-6.”

9、The oncoprotein and transcriptional regulator Bcl-3 governs plasticity and pathogenicity of autoimmune T cells
Tang, W., et al. Immunity. 2014 Oct 16;41(4):555-66. doi: 10.1016/j.immuni.2014.09.017. PMID: 25367572
“Anti-CD28 (37.51) was added to the media at 2 μg/ml and for Th1 cell differentiation also 10 ng/ml IL-12 and 10 μg/ml anti-IL-4 (11B11); for Treg cells, 100 U/ml IL-2, 2 ng/ml TGF-β, 10 μg/ml anti-IL-12 (C18.2), 10 μg/ml anti-IFN-γ (XMG1.2), and 10 μg/ml anti-IL-4; for Th17 cells, 20 ng/ml IL-6, 5 ng/ml TGF-β, 10 μg/ml anti-IL-12 (C18.2), 10 μg/ml anti-IFN-γ (XMG1.2), and 10 μg/ml anti-IL-4; for Th17+ cells, in addition, IL-1 (10 ng/ml), IL-21 (50 ng/ml), and IL-23 (20 ng/ml). …Naive T cells, differentiated twice under Th1 cell conditions and stimulated with plate-bound anti-CD3 for 2 hr, were analyzed for association of Bcl-3 with the Rorc promoter region after precipitation of streptavidin binding peptide-tagged transgenic Bcl-3 with streptavidin resin, followed by real-time PCR with primers corresponding to Rorc promoter regions 1–8, as reported. …All data are expressed as the mean ± SD from at least three independent experiments. …Differences between groups were evaluated by unpaired Student’s t test. p values were considered to be statistically significant when less than 0.05. …Despite evidence attesting to the overall physiologic importance of Bcl-3, little is known about its cell-specific functions or mechanisms.”

10、Differential kinetics of antigen dependency of CD4+ and CD8+ T cells
Behrendt, A. C., et al. J Immunol. 2014 Apr 15;192(8):3507-17. doi: 10.4049/jimmunol.1302725. PMID: 24639353
“Ag recognition via the TCR is necessary for the expansion of specific T cells that then contribute to adaptive immunity as effector and memory cells. …Proliferation and effector differentiation of TCR transgenic and polyclonal mouse T cells were thus analyzed after transient and continuous TCR signals. …Following equally strong stimulation, CD4+ T cell proliferation depended on prolonged Ag presence, whereas CD8+ T cells were able to divide and differentiate into effector cells despite discontinued Ag presentation. …These T cell data indicate an intrinsic difference between CD4+ and CD8+ T cells regarding the processing of TCR signals for proliferation. …In summary, our data demonstrate that CD4+ T cells require continuous stimulation for clonal expansion, whereas CD8+ T cells can divide following a much shorter TCR signal.”

Syd Labs provides the following in vivo grade recombinant anti-mouse CD28 monoclonal antibodies:

Recombinant Anti-mouse CD28 monoclonal antibody (Clone: PV-1)

Syd Labs provides the following in vivo grade recombinant anti-human CD28 monoclonal antibodies:

Recombinant Anti-human CD28 monoclonal antibody (Clone: CD28.2)
Recombinant Anti-human CD28 monoclonal antibody (Clone: 15E8)
Recombinant Anti-human CD28 monoclonal antibody (Clone: 9.3)
Recombinant Anti-human CD28 monoclonal antibody (Clone: CD28.3)

Syd Labs provides the following recombinant anti-human CD28 monoclonal antibodies for flow cytometry:

Recombinant Anti-human CD28 monoclonal antibody (Clone: CD28.2) for flow cytometry
Recombinant Anti-human CD28 monoclonal antibody (Clone: 15E8) for flow cytometry
Recombinant Anti-human CD28 monoclonal antibody (Clone: 9.3) for flow cytometry
Recombinant Anti-human CD28 monoclonal antibody (Clone: CD28.3) for flow cytometry

Anti-mouse CD28 Monoclonal Antibody(37.51) from: In vivo Grade Recombinant Anti-mouse CD28 Monoclonal Antibody, Mouse IgG1 Kappa (Clone: 37.51): PA007475.m1 Syd Labs

No more offers for this product!